Publications

Keywords: COVID-19; endemics; pandemics; surveillance; SARS-CoV-2
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JHSS 2023;8(1):13-32
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
Spiritual well-being and burnout syndrome in healthcare: A systematic review
Authors: Francesco CHIRICO¹*, Kavita BATRA², Ravi BATRA³, Gülçin Güler ÖZTEKİN⁴, Giuseppe FERRARI⁵, Pietro CRESCENZO⁶, Gabriella NUCERA⁷, Lukasz SZARPAK⁸, Manoj SHARMA^9≠, Nicola MAGNAVITA^10≠, Murat YILDIRIM^11≠
Affiliations:
¹ Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. Email: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368
² Department of Medical Education, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. Email: Kavita.batra@unlv.edu. Office of Research, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. ORCID: 0000-0002-0722-0191
³ Department of Information Technology, Coforge Ltd., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Email: ravi.batra123@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-7335-3582
⁴ Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey. E-mail: ggoztekin@agri.edu.tr ORCID: 0000-0001-6205-642X. 
⁵SIPISS, Milan, Italy. E-mail: ferrari@sipiss.it ORCID: 0000-0003-1244- 5931
⁶ Department of Education, Psychology and Communication University of Bari, Italy. ORCID: 0000-0001-5240-315X
⁷Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046. 
⁸ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455
⁹ Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, 89119-3063, USA ORCID: 0000-0002-4624-2414 email: manoj.sharma@unlv.edu. Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. ORCID: 0000-0001-5215-9740
¹⁰Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy. E-mail: nicola.magnavita@unicatt.it Department of Woman, Child and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy. E-mail: nicola.magnavita@policlinicogemelli.it. Local Health Unit Roma4, 00053 Civitavecchia, Italy. E-mail: nicola.magnavita@aslroma4.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-0988-7344
¹¹ Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey. E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380 
*Corresponding Author:
Prof Francesco Chirico, Post-Graduate School in Occupational Health. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Address: Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. Email: medlavchirico@gmail.com
≠Last coauthorship

Abstract

Introduction: Burnout syndrome (BOS) among healthcare workers (HCWs) is a widespread phenomenon that leads to poor staff health and diminished quality of medical care. Spirituality has been proposed as a coping strategy against BOS. The relationship between spirituality and BOS needs to be evaluated. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence for understanding association between spirituality and BOS.
Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a systematic search of bibliographical databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and several others in June 2022. Titles. Abstracts, and full-texts of all articles were screened to determine eligibility. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality assessment tool was utilized for the risk of bias (RoB) assessment. Pertinent data were collected using a standardized codebook.
Results: Of the original 217 studies, 26 were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 8,666 participants. Only five studies were interventional or experimental, while the remaining were cross-sectional. Most studies indicated a positive relationship between spiritual well-being or spirituality and personal accomplishment, and a negative association with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Interventional studies found that spirituality-based interventions were effective in reducing BOS among HCWs, however, the evidence is fairly scarce.
Discussion and Conclusions: There is weak evidence that spirituality is inversely associated with BOS. There are insufficient evidence that spiritual-based health promotion programs in the workplace may be effective in preventing and/or reducing BOS in HCWs.

Keywords: Burnout syndrome; healthcare; spiritual well-being; workplace health promotion programs; workplace spirituality
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JHSS 2023;8(1):33-44
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN IMMUNOLOGY
A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the relationships between interleukin-7 levels and COVID-19 severity
Authors: Michal MATUSZEWSKI¹, Michal PRUC², Lukasz SZARPAK³, Alla NAVOLOKINA⁴, Katarzyna KIEZUN⁵, Francesco CHIRICO⁶, Gabriella NUCERA⁷, Yuriy STEPANOVSKYY⁸, Murat YILDIRIM⁹, Anna HILFANOVA^10#, Anastasia BONDARENKO^11#*
Affiliations:
¹Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy at the Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: matuszewski.mike@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-3467-1377
² Research Unit, Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, Warsaw, Poland E-mail: mmahdi@interia.pl. ORCID: 0000-0003-4412-6409
³ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455
⁴ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: allanavolokina@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0003-1711-6002
⁵ Students Research Club, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: katarzyna.kiezun@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-3692-3451
⁶ Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. E-mail: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it. ORCID:0000-0002-8737-4368
⁷Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046 
⁸European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: stepanovskiyyuriy@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0001-6339-5490
⁹ Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr. ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380
¹⁰European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: annagilfanova@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0002-2541-0327
¹¹European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: anastasiyabondarenko@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0002-9737-2868
*Corresponding Author:
Associate Professor, Lukasz Szarpak, 10 Zelaznej Bramy Square, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com.

Abstract

Introduction: As the major mechanism for coronavirus disease 2019, cytokine storm-mediated organ harm continues to dominate current understanding. Despite the first hyper-inflammatory phase, emerging data show that virus-induced poor host immunity may be the true cause of mortality in many individuals. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is an interleukin that participates in the COVID-19 cytokine storm and regulates the immune system. Its role in COVID-19 cytokine storms is thought to be related to its ability to stimulate the formation and activation of immune cells such as T cells and B cells. This meta-analysis aims to determine the relationship, if any, between interleukin-7 and COVID-19 severity.
Methods: This study was planned as a systematic review and meta-analysis and followed the PRISMA guidelines. Four main electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched from January 1st, 2020 to September 2nd, 2022, to find papers investigating the prognostic significance of interleukin-7 in COVID-19-hospitalized adults. Google Scholar was used in addition to the online database search. A random effects model was used to calculate mean differences and 95% confidence interval (CIs) as well as the I2 statistics for heterogeneity analysis.
Results: Seven papers were chosen for meta-analysis findings synthesis. All six trials reported interleukin-7 levels among severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. Pooled analysis showed that IL-7 levels in the severe group were 62.79Б}81.03 pg/mL, compared to 33.39Б}56.54 pg/mL for the nonsevere group (SMD = -0.17; 95%CI: -0.93 to 0.60; p=0.67).
Discussion: Available evidence suggests that elevated levels of IL-7 were not associated with the disease severity of COVID-19. While IL-7 levels alone may not have a substantial impact on COVID-19 severity, the interaction between IL-7 and other cytokines, immune cells, and variables such as viral load and genetics should be investigated further.

Keywords: interleukin 7; IL-7; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; severity; cytokine storm; meta-analysis.
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JHSS 2023;8(1):45-58
NARRATIVE REVIEW IN HEMATOLOGY
The pathogenesis of COVID-19: Hypercoagulation and D-dimer in thrombotic complications
Authors: Leonid DUBEY¹, Halyna LYTVYN², Olha DOROSH³, Nataliya DUBEY⁴, Olena KOZLOVA⁵, Michal PRUC⁶, Nina KUBIKOWSKA⁷, Lukasz SZARPAK⁸, Kavita BATRA⁹, Francesco CHIRICO¹⁰, Gabriella NUCERA¹¹, Svitlana DOAN¹², Uljana SHEVTSIV¹³
Affiliations:
¹ Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: dubey@ukr.net. ORCID: 0000-0003-1094-6708.
² Department of Infectious Diseases, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: golytvyn2012@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-6902-1024.
³ Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: dorosh-o@ukr.net. ORCID: 0000-0002-5919-9371
⁴ Department of Radiation Diagnostics, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: doctordnv@ukr.net. ORCID: 0000-0002-1934-1062.
⁵ Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: olena-ko@ukr.net. ORCID: 0000-0003-4252-3478.
⁶ Research Unit, Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: m.pruc@ptmk.org. ORCID: 0000-0002-2140-9732.
⁷ Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: nina.kubikowska@gmail.com. ORCID: 0009-0007-4351-1256.
⁸ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455.
⁹ Department of Medical Education, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. Email: Kavita.batra@unlv.edu. Office of Research, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. ORCID: 0000-0002-0722-0191
¹⁰ Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. E-mail: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it. ORCID:0000-0002-8737-4368.
¹¹Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046.
¹²Department of Clinical Disciplines, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-mail: svitlanadoan@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0001-6789-3243.
¹³Department of Fitness and Recreation, van Boberskyj Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, Ukraine. E-mail: Ljanashevtsiv@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-3586-5106.
*Corresponding Author:
Associate Professor, Lukasz Szarpak, Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub Hospital, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com.

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is highly contagious and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In COVID-19, the inflammation and blood coagulation systems are excessively activated. SARS-CoV-2 damages endothelial cells and pneumocytes, which leads to disruption of hemostasis in SARS. Thromboembolism is the main cause of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Clots, including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), ranging from minor to fatal complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are known. Individuals with pre-existing diseases are more susceptible to the development of blood clots and poor outcomes. High levels of circulating cytokines and D-dimer (DD) are influential biomarkers of poor outcomes in COVID-19. The latter occurs as a result of hyperfibrinolysis and hypercoagulation. Plasmin is a key player in fibrinolysis and is involved in the cleavage of many viral envelope proteins, including SARS-CoV. Due to this function penetration of viruses into the host cell occurs. In addition, plasmin is involved in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in SARS and promotes the secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF, from activated macrophages. The focus of existing treatment to alleviate fibrinolysis in patients with COVID-19 is the use of systemic fibrinolytic therapy given thrombotic pathology in severe forms of COVID-19 which may lead to death. However, fibrinolytic therapy may be harmful in the advanced stages of COVID-19, when the status of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) changes from suppressed fibrinolysis to its enhancement during the progression of the disease. This narrative review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of COVID-19, which will further help in precise diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; inflammation; blood coagulation; thromboembolism; circulating cytokines; D-dimer.
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JHSS 2023;8(1):59-75
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Resilience and perceived social support as predictors of emotional well-being
Authors: Murat YILDIRIM¹*, Mehmet Emin TURAN², Najwa Salem ALBELADI³, Pietro CRESCENZO⁴, Amelia RIZZO⁵, Gabriella NUCERA⁶, Giuseppe FERRARI⁷, Alla NAVOLOKINA⁸, Lukasz SZARPAK⁹, Francesco CHIRICO¹⁰
Affiliations:
¹ Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Ağrı, Turkey. ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380. 
² Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Ağrı, Turkey; E-mail: meturan@agri.edu.tr ORCID: 0000-0001-8092-9642.
³ Communication Skills Department, College of Arts & Sciences – Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Department of Neuroscience Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom. 
E-mail: nsalbeladi@kau.edu.sa ORCID: 0000-0003-2940-2479.
⁴Department of Education, Psychology and Communication University of Bari, Bari, Italy. E-mail: pietrocrescenzo84@gmail.com ORCID:0000-0001-5240-315X
⁵Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Universuty of Messina, Messina, Italy. E-mail: amrizzo@unime.it ORCID: 0000-0002-6229-6463
⁶Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it ORCID: 0000- 0003-1425-0046.
⁷SIPISS, Milan, Italy. E-mail: ferrari@sipiss.it ORCID: 0000-0003-1244- 5931
⁸ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: allanavolokina@ieu.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0003-1711-6002.
⁹ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455.
¹⁰ Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. Email: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368.
*Corresponding Author:
Associate Professor Murat Yıldırım, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Erzurum Yolu 4 Km 04100, Merkez, Ağrı, Turkey; tel: +90472215 98 63; e-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr or muratyildirimphd@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Emotional well-being is a key ingredient of well-being and positive mental health. Resilience and perceived social support have been found to be important factors influencing emotional well-being. Age, gender, and personality traits have also been suggested as potential predictors of emotional well-being. However, it is unclear to what extent resilience and perceived social support predict emotional well-being after controlling for these variables among Saudi adults. Therefore, this study aims to examine the unique contribution of resilience and perceived social support in predicting emotional well-being while controlling for age, gender, and personality traits.
Methods: The participants were young Saudi adults (83.64% females) whose ages ranged from 18 to 60 years, with a mean age of 32.37 (SD = 8.64). They completed an online survey comprising the Brief Resilience Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Scales of Positive and Negative Experiences, Ten-Item Personality Inventory, and a socio-demographic questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that after controlling for age, gender, and personality traits that showed an influence on emotional well-being, resilience and perceived social support exerted a statistically significant influence on the emotional well-being of international young adults by explaining a significant amount of unique variance.
Discussion: The findings of this study provide important insights into the factors that contribute to emotional well-being among young Saudi adults. The findings suggest that the development of effective interventions and programs aimed at promoting emotional well-being among young Saudi adults should focus on enhancing resilience and perceived social support.

Keywords: Resilience; perceived social support; positive experiences; negative experiences; emotional well-being; young Saudi adults.
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JHSS 2023;8(1):76-92
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN NEUROLOGY AND PEDIATRIC
Clinical study and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of a Robot-Assisted Gait Training on children with neurological disorders: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Simone GAZZELLINI^1,*, Martina ANDELLINI², Federica DE FALCO³, Daniela CASASANTA¹, Giampietro CORDONE¹, Alessandra COLAZZA¹, Donatella LETTORI¹, Massimiliano RAPONI⁴, Enrico CASTELLI¹, Maria Rosaria VINCI³, Reparata Rosa DI PRINZIO³, Maurizio PETRARCA^1,†, Matteo RITROVATO^2,†, Salvatore ZAFFINA^3,†
Affiliations:
¹ Department of Intensive and Robotic Neurorehabilitation, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. ORCID: 0000-0001-7309-3955 (S.G.); 0000-0002-8577-9281 (D.C.); 0009-0008-8460-1239 (A.C.); 0000-0003-1685-8936 (E.C.); 0000-0002-7330-3569 (M.P.)
² Health Technology Assessment Unit, Health Technology & Safety Research Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. ORCID: 0000-0002-2931-0753 (M.A.); 0000-0003-3686-6108 (M.R.)
³ Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. ORCID: 0000-0001-7221-0419 (F.D.F.); 0000-0002-2631-4572 (M.R.V.) 0000-0001-5956-1038 (R.R.D.P.); 0000-0002-8858-5423 (S.Z.)
⁴ Health Directorate, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. 0000-0002-7757-6978
^† Last co-authorship
*Corresponding Author:
Simone Gazzellini, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist & Psychotherapist, Unit of Pediatric Neuroriabilitation, MarLab, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, P.zza S.Onofrio, 4 –00165 Italy, E-mail: simone.gazzellini@opbg.net

Abstract

Background: Even if clinical evidence on effectiveness is still lacking, innovative technological solutions like robotic gait training technologies are gaining increasing attention in pediatric neuromotor rehabilitation.
Aim: This study aims to provide clinical-technological analysis for pediatric rehabilitation centers, build a rationale for driving future ideal rehabilitative pathways, and identify the most relevant criteria to evaluate robotic rehabilitation of the gait.
Design: Pre-post test design.
Setting: The robotic device comprises a bilaterally driven gait orthosis, computer-controlled guidance, and a non-immersive virtual reality system. Robotic-assisted locomotor treadmill therapy (RAGT) training was customized regarding training onset, duration, and specific gait parameters.
Population: We assessed 47 patients (mean age: 9.6 years, SD: 3.8 years; 23 females) with several neurologic diseases subjected to RAGT and patient-centered therapy (i.e., traditional therapy).
Methods: Inpatients were assessed in motor control, gait, cognition, and autonomies. The clinical investigation was integrated with a Health Technology Assessment (HTA) study, to investigate the introduction and impact of RAGT compared to patient-centered rehabilitation techniques and identify the most relevant criteria to assess the use of robotic rehabilitation technologies.
Results: The Patient-centered vs. Hybrid (RAGT+patient-centered) group showed a statistically significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFM) total mean score (p=0.02). A significant increase in the distance walked in 6 minutes was found in the comparison between pre and post-treatment evaluation in the hybrid group: average pre-post 126 vs. 156 meters (t(13) = 2.78: p<0.01).
Conclusions: The HTA process provided the weights of each evaluation element described in the decision tree. Safety is considered the most important domain, followed by Ethical Aspects and Clinical Effectiveness, which reached about the same weight as the technical characteristics. Less importance was given to organizational aspects and costs.

Keywords: Neurological disease; cerebral lesion; paediatric; robotic rehabilitation; HTA
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JHSS 2023;8(1):93-94
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older people
Authors: Iryna TORBENKO¹, Svitlana DOAN², Hanna KHOLODNYTSKA³, Anhelia VERTEPNA⁴, Alla NAVOLOKINA⁵
Affiliations:
¹ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: Department, University, Country. Email: torbenko1818@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-3802-2438.
² European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: Department, University, Country. Email: svitlanadoan@ieu.edu.ua ORCID: 0000-0001-6789-3243
³ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: Department, University, Country. Email: annaholodnytska@ieu.edu.ua
⁴ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: Department, University, Country. Email: anhelinavertepna@ieu.edu.ua  
⁵ European School of Medicine, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: Department, University, Country. Email: allanavolokina@iedu.edu.pl ORCID: 000-0003-1711-6002.
*Corresponding Author:
Alla Navolokina, PhD, European School of Medicine, International European University, Akademika Hlushkova Ave, 42B, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-mail: allanavolokina@ieu.edu.pl.

Keywords: COVID-19; mental health; older people; SARS-CoV-2.
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