Publications

Keywords: Health Literacy; Artificial Intelligence; Education
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JHSS 2023;8(2):98-102
VIEWPOINT IN OCCUPATIONAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 
Integrating mandatory occupational health practice and workplace health promotion programs to reduce the high burden of work-related diseases
Authors: Francesco CHIRICO^1*, Angelo SACCO², Nicola MAGNAVITA^3
1 Post-graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Address: Via Umberto Cagni, 21 20162 Milan, Italy. E-mail: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368.
² Local Health Unit Roma4, Civitavecchia, Italy. E-mail: angelo.sacco@alice.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8429-5314.
³ Occupational health Unit, Woman Child & Public Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. E-mail: nicola.magnavita@unicatt.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-0988-7344.
*Corresponding Author: Prof. Francesco Chirico, Post-graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Address: Via Umberto Cagni, 21 20162 Milan, Italy. E-mail: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of illness and death globally, imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated healthcare inequalities, potentially amplifying the burden of CVDs in certain populations. Sedentary occupations and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease, contributing to elevated mortality rates from CVDs. Occupational risk assessment and management are crucial for developing tailored plans to control and mitigate workplace hazards that lead to occupational and work-related diseases. Long working hours have been linked to an increased risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. Chronic diseases
such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease diminish individuals’ quality of life and have negative employment consequences. Workplace health promotion programs (WHPs) focusing on healthy lifestyle behaviors have shown positive effects in reducing the incidence of T2DM, CVDs, and mental and musculoskeletal health issues. Aging, sedentary lifestyles, prolonged working hours, physical inactivity, poor diets, and high occupational stress contribute to MetS and subsequent CVDs, emphasizing the need for attention from occupational stakeholders. Implementing interventions such as promoting physical activity, stress management techniques, and flexible work arrangements can help reduce occupational stress levels and combat sedentary work environments. Embedding workplace health promotion within medical surveillance (WHPEMS) offers an economical, sustainable, and effective approach to improving health outcomes. Involving workers in health promotion interventions during regular medical check-ups provides an opportunity for targeted interventions. Occupational health programs, mandatory in the European Union, can be utilized to educate workers on healthier lifestyles and develop tailored WHPs. The Total Worker Health approach, involving cooperation between occupational and public health stakeholders, plays a vital role in achieving comprehensive workplace health promotion.

Keywords: Occupational health surveillance; occupational diseases; workplace health promotion; total worker health; one health.
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JHSS 2023;8(2):103-120
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 
Volunteer-aholism: A comprehensive model of personality, burnout, and mental distress in a sample of healthcare first responders of the Italian Red Cross Auxiliary Corps
Authors: Livio TARCHI^1§*, Pietro CRESCENZO^2,3§, Giovanni CASTELLINI⁴, Valdo RICCA⁵, Kristian TALAMONTI⁶, Fabio RISPOLI⁷, Sefa BULUT⁸, Amelia RIZZO⁹ Salvatore ZAFFINA^10*, Gabriele GIORGI¹¹, Francesco CHIRICO^12
1 Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, FI, Italy Email: livio.tarchi@unifi.it ORCID: 0000-0002-9931-5621
² Psychological Activities Unit (NAP), Italian Red Cross Voluntary Military Corps, Ministry of Defense, Rome, Italy, Email: pietro.crescenzo@cm.cri.it ORCID: 0000-0001-5240-315X
³Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology and Communication, University of Bary “Aldo Moro”, BA, Italy. Email: pietro.crescenzo@uniba.it 
⁴Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, FI, Italy. Email: giovanni.castellini@unifi.it. ORCID: 0000-0003-1265-491X
⁴ Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, FI, Italy E-mail: valdo.ricca@unifi.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-9291-2124
⁶ Psychological Activities Unit (NAP), Italian Red Cross Voluntary Military Corps, Ministry of Defense, Rome, Italy. E-mail: kristian.talamonti@cm.cri.it. ORCID: 0000-0001-8970-4984.
⁷ Department of general surgery and specialistic surgery, kidney transplants, nephrology, intensive and pain care, University Hospital, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, NA, Italy. E-mail:  fabio.rispoli@unina.it ORCID: 0009-0004-1167-733X
⁸ Department of Counseling Psychology, Ibn Haldun University, Başakşehir, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: 4390 sefabulut22@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-2622
⁹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. E-mail: amrizzo@unime.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-6229-6463
¹⁰ Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. E-mail: salvatore.zaffina@unicatt.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8858-5423 
¹¹ Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy, Italy. E-mail: Gabriele.Giorgi@unier.it ORCID: 0000-0002-7340-356X
¹² Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Rome. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Centro Sanitario Polifunzionale di Milano, Milano, Italy. E-mail: francesco.chirico@unicatti.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368.
^§First co-authorship
*Corresponding Author:Prof Salvatore Zaffina, Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy. E-mail: salvatore.zaffina@unicatt.it

Abstract

Introduction: Whether burnout can be extended to explain occupational distress in unwaged
personnel is an ongoing debate. Possible divergences could be observed for burnout among nontraditional working figures.
Methods: A total of 823 first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic were surveyed among Red
Cross volunteers enrolled in the Italian Auxiliary Corps to the Armed Forces. An online questionnaire was proposed as composed of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment, Patient Health Questionnaire, Single-item PTSD Screener, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Big Five Inventory. A comprehensive model accounting for both personality and mental distress in influencing burnout dimensions was carried over through structural equation modeling.
Results: Almost perfect goodness of fit was achieved for the model (TLI >0.99; CFI >0.99; RMSEA <0.03). Emotional stability was negatively associated with depression (beta=-0.21) and anxiety (beta=-0.25). Conscientiousness (beta=0.29) and emotional stability (beta=0.21) were positively associated with personal accomplishment. Depression, anxiety, and personal accomplishment were positively associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (minimum beta=0.2, maximum beta=0.36, all p<0.001).
Discussion: A theoretical framework was offered to interpret results, according to which the defining characteristic predisposing for burnout was not whether operators were waged or not, but rather their degree of involvement with the occupational demands.

Keywords: First responders; volunteers; depression; anxiety; Burnout syndrome; Post Traumatic Stress Disorders.
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JHSS 2023;8(2):121-131
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN PSYCHOLOGY AND DISASTER EMERGENCY
The mediating role of peritraumatic stress in the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and optimism and pessimism among earthquake survivors in Turkey
Authors: Zafer Güney ÇAĞI޹, İslam AKÇE², Izaddin Ahmad AZİZ^3, Amelia RIZZO⁴, Gabriella NUCERA⁵, Nicola BRAGAZZI⁶, Lukasz SZARPAK⁷, Francesco CHIRICO⁸, Arash ZIAPOUR⁹, Mehmet Emin ŞAKAR¹⁰, Şoreş Hakı ÇELİK¹¹, Murat YILDIRIM^12*
1Department of Psychology, Mersin University, Turkey. E-mail: zaferguneycagis@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0001-8795-9000. 
² Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey. E-mail: akceislam@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0003-2020-5436. 
³Special Education Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Iraq. English Department, College of Education, Bayan University, Iraq. E-mail: izaddin.aziz@su.edu.krd ORCID: 0009-0004-3683-4522.
⁴Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy. E-mail: amrizzo@unime.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-6229-6463.
⁵Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it. ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046. 
⁶ Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto ON, Canada. E-mail: bragazzi@yorku.ca. ORCID: 0000-0001-8409-868X
⁷ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455.
⁸Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. Email: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368
⁹Health Education and Promotion Cardiovascular Research Center Kermanshah, Iran. E-mail: arashziapoor@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0001-8687-7484 
¹⁰Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Turkey. E-mail: eminsakarr@gmail.com. ORCID: 0009-0004-4889-6077. 
¹¹Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Turkey. E-mail: kliniksosyolog@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0003-0332-9525.
¹²Department of Psychology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey, E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr. ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380.
*Corresponding Author: Prof. Murat YILDIRIM, Department of Psychology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey, E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr or muratyildirimphd@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: People encounter many events across their life span. However, some life experiences cause negative psychological outcomes. One of them is earthquakes. Therefore, in this study, it was
aimed to examine the mediating role of peritraumatic distress in the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and optimism and pessimism among earthquake survivors.
Methods: Using a snowball sampling technique with a cross-sectional research design, the sample comprised 311 adults who survived earthquake survivors in Turkey. Participants ranged in age between 18 and 61 years (mean age = 27.57±8.03). Of the participants, 231 (74.3%) were females and 80 (25.7%) were males, and they completed the Psychological Maltreatment Questionnaire–Short Form, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, and Optimism and Pessimism Questionnaire.
Results: The findings showed that childhood psychological maltreatment was positively related to peritraumatic distress and pessimism, and negatively related to optimism. Similarly, peritraumatic distress was positively related to pessimism and negatively related to optimism. More importantly, peritraumatic distress mediated the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and optimism and pessimism. These findings highlight the importance of addressing peritraumatic distress as an important factor in improving individuals’ perspectives on life.
Discussion: Implementing tailored interventions to mitigate peritraumatic distress could lead to a more optimistic mindset and reduced levels of pessimism. By providing individuals with effective coping strategies and support systems, such interventions may empower them to overcome the challenges posed by stressful situations and cultivate a more positive outlook on life.

Keywords: Earthquake; childhood psychological maltreatment; optimism; peritraumatic distress; pessimism.
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JHSS 2023;8(2):132-141
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND DISASTER EMERGENCY
Effect of environmental conditions and preventive behaviors on cutaneous leishmaniasis from the earthquake that hit cities in Western Iran in 2021: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Fakhreddin CHABOKSAVAR¹, Arash ZIAPOUR², Mozhgan IRANDOST³, Behzad MAHAKI⁴, Francesco CHIRICO⁵, Murat YILDIRIM⁶, Gabriella NUCERA⁷, Lukasz SZARPAK⁸, Nicola BRAGAZZI⁹, Anvar ASADI^10
1Nursing Care Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran. Email: fchaboksavar@yahoo.com; ORCID: 0000-0003-4285-3178
²Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0001-8687-7484; Email: arashziapour@gmail.com 
³Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Email: mirandoost@gmail.com
⁴Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Email: behzadmahaki@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0001-7062-6971
⁵Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy. Email: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it; ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368
⁶Department of Psychology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey, E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr. ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380
⁷Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it. ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046. 
⁸ Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455.
⁹ Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto ON, Canada. E-mail: bragazzi@yorku.ca. ORCID: 0000-0001-8409-868X
¹⁰Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Anvar Asadi, Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Email: anvarasadi@sbmu.ac.ir

Abstract

Introduction: To investigate the role of environmental conditions, knowledge, attitudes, and control measures of preventive behaviors in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) based on the BASNEF model in patients who were referred to the health care centers of cities hit by earthquakes, including Sarpol-Zahab and Qasr-Shirin located in Kermanshah province, Western Iran, in 2021.
Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 128 individuals who visited rural and urban health centers were randomly selected, then they were asked to fill in a structured questionnaire with questions about their demographic information, environmental conditions, knowledge, attitude, and preventive behavior regarding CL.
Results: Approximately 89.1% of the individuals used urban water supply networks, while 68% of
the participants had access to the wastewater collection system. The most influential people in preventive behaviors (control actions) were family members (72.4%). Pearson’s correlation test showed that preventive behaviors positively correlated with understudy variables in the BASNEF model (p<0.001). Finally, enabling factors and behavioral intention were the most accurate predictors of preventive behaviors against CL.
Conclusion: A combination of environmental, ecological conditions, and behavioral and sanitation factors may influence the distribution of causes of CL. Therefore, control programs should focus on
villages and cities with high disease risks.

Keywords: BASNEF model; control; preventive behaviors; environmental sanitation; Leishmania
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JHSS 2023;8(2):142-150
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
Community pharmacist-and psychologist-led program of neuropsychological screening in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Nicola Luigi BRAGAZZI^1,2,3,*, Fiorella PALOMBO-FERRETTI^{4,5, ≠}, Rocco CARBONE⁴, Tania Simona RE³, “Pharmacists- and Psychologists in community pharmacies-led Psychological Screening for Cognitive issues in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic” (PsyChOVID) WORKING GROUP^6
1 Department of of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. ORCID: 0000-0001-8409-868X. 
² Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy. 
³ UNESCO Chair “Anthropology of Health. Biosphere and Healing System”, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. ORCID: 0000-0001-5532-6110 (T.S.R.)
⁴ Associazione nazionale psicologi in farmacia” (ANPIF), Borbiago di Mira, Venice, Italy. ORCID: *** (F.P.-F.); 0009-0005-1435-2861 (R.C.).
⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
⁶ Valeria Ricci, Giulia Peroni, Marcella Utro, Rosanna Canero Medici, Giulio Maggia, Ilaria Catapano, Sandra Scibelli, Giulia Capuani, Giulia Ghiotto.
^≠ First co-authorship
*Corresponding Author: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, M.D., Ph.D., Human Nutrition Unit Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Medical School, Building C, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy. E-mail: nicolaluigi.bragazzi@unipr.it  

Abstract

Background: Early detection and diagnosis of cognitive impairment are paramount to improving the clinical outcomes and care of patients. Whilst primary care professionals play a key role in the healthcare management and treatment of their patients, community pharmacists and other allied health professionals working in community pharmacies are more accessible and trusted. As such, they are in an ideal position to identify and assist in the management of individuals with cognitive memory disorders.
Aim: To assess the impact of a pharmacist-based cognitive memory screening service delivered in community pharmacy practice in Italy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey.
Setting: Community pharmacies.
Population: Patients accessing community pharmacies.
Methods: Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological screening program (the
“Montreal Cognitive Assessment” (MoCA) test, the “Babcock Story Recall Test”, and the “Rey–Osterrieth complex figure” (ROCF) test). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the classical medical/psychological referral for cognitive impairment were computed.
Results: A sample of 185 subjects (aged 61.24±15.06 years, 78.9% females) was recruited. The classical medical/psychological referral yielded an accuracy ranging from 58.4% to 63.2%, a sensitivity of 56.3-66.7%, and a specificity of 57.9-74.0% in terms of detection of individuals with cognitive impairment.
The neuropsychological screening enabled the identification of a further 33.3-43.8% of subjects that would have been missed otherwise.
Conclusions: Neuropsychological screening programs in the setting of community pharmacies are
highly valuable and effective.

Keywords: Cognitive impairment; community pharmacy; COVID-19; Neuropsychological screening.
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JHSS 2023;8(2):151-169
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH POLICY
The effects of COVID-19 home confinement on the psychological well-being of the Moroccan population: Regular versus irregular dynamics.
Authors: Hicham KHABBACHE¹, Laila EL ALAMI², Khalid OUAZIZI², Driss AIT ALI², Hanane EL GHOUAT², Mohamed MAKKAOUI², Mimoun SAIDI², Abdelilah EL MENIARI², Kawtar KHABBACHE³, Eman SHENOUDA⁴, Radouane MRABET1⁵, Abdelhalim CHERQUI², Murat YILDIRIM⁶, Francesco CHIRICO⁷, Gabriella NUCERA⁸, Lukasz SZARPAK⁹, Nicola Luigi BRAGAZZI¹⁰*
¹ Director of the UNESCO Chair “Lifelong Learning Observatory” (UNESCO/UMSBA), fez, Morocco. E-mail:  ORCID:  0000-0001-9587-2829 (H.K.)
²Laboratory of «Morocco: history, Islamic sciences and languages», Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences Fès-Saïss, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez-Morocco. E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-1935-4824 (L.A.). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-3011(K.O.). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0001-5043-9677(D.A.). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0001-5777-8188 (H.E). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0003-2691-1198 (M.M.). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-2164-6295 (M.S.). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-4950-7692 (E.S). E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-6947-5712 (A.C.)
³ Pediatric Service, CHU of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima. Morocco. E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0001-7604-3320
⁴ Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, Egypt. E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-0426-4711
⁵ UNESCO Chair “Lifelong Learning Observatory” (UNESCO/UMSBA). Former President of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez-Morocco. E-mail: ORCID: 0000-0002-3554-0213
⁶ Department of Psychology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey, E-mail: muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr. ORCID: 0000-0003-1089-1380.
⁷Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Email: francesco.chirico@unicatt.it. ORCID: 0000-0002-8737-4368
⁸Department of Emergency, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli and Sacco, Milan, Italy. E-mail: gabriella.nucera@asst-fbf-sacco.it. ORCID: 0000-0003-1425-0046
⁹Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX, United States. E-mail: lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-5455.
¹⁰ Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. ORCID: 0000-0001-8409-868X 
*Corresponding Author: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto ON, Canada. E-mail: bragazzi@yorku.ca

Abstract

Background: Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of home confinement measures, understanding the psychological well-being of individuals has become crucial.
Aim: This study examines the irregular effects of gender, age, marital status, and educational level on the psychological well-being of the Moroccan population during COVID-19 home confinement.
Design: A cross-sectional study design was utilized.
Setting: The study was conducted online, with participants residing in Morocco.
Population: The study included individuals from the Moroccan population (n=1.051) who experienced home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Data was gathered through an anonymous psychological well-being scale administered
online.
Results: Data analysis revealed three underlying traits: The first is the unexpected impact of age, gender, education levels, and marital status on certain well-being parameters. The second is the varied impact of gender, specifically in its interaction with age and marital status. The varied impact was also reflected in the participants’ mean scores across the well-being parameters. The third indicator revealed the nonlinear impact of the education level on some well-being parameters.
Conclusion: The study drew the attention of public health decision-makers to the need to include different scenarios in the elaboration of anticipatory plans in the case of a new pandemic and to avoid
sticking to regular models based on regular scenarios only.

Keywords: Home-confinement; intra-individual variability; intra-gender variability; nonlinear impacts; irregular impact; varied impact, unexpected impact.
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